Phenomenology and Healthier Organismic Self Free Essays

string(79) from fair-minded suppositions when moving toward psychotherapy and counselling. Investigating the phrasing of the word Phenomenology and its historical underpinnings, presents me with a suggestion going back to a long custom of philosophical writing. I think that its hard to attempt to clarify what phenomenology implies, on the grounds that communicating huge thoughts of one rationalist, will reject others, and my decisions will negate the general concept of what phenomenology is starting to mean for me. Drawing models from phenomenological hypothetical sources, I will coordinate individual experience to help what I comprehend by the term phenomenology. We will compose a custom article test on Phenomenology and Healthier Organismic Self or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now In short, I am going to begin to clarify what I comprehend about the term Phenomenology by furnishing responses with references from hypothetical sources. I will, in no specific request along this paper, offer guides to help the motivation behind why I think phenomenology is significant in Counseling and Psychotherapy. Ultimately, I purpose to examine my present capacity to comprehend my own, and another person’s perspective with some examples.The expression Phenomenology begins from the Greek word phainomenon, which means appearance, that which shows itself, and, logos meaning science or study. As Hans Cohn puts it, â€Å"the Greek word ‘phenomenon’ is gotten from an action word significance to show up, to come into the light, and ‘logos’, then again, is established in a Greek action word meaning ‘to say’. (Cohn, 1997:9-10). To me this recommends, come into light through discourse, or illuminate oneself through discourse. In straightforward terms phenomenology is the investigation of how things appear to be.In request to recognize the marvel of discernment, Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), built up a technique from his previous teacher’s philosophical purposefulness, Franz Brentano (1838-1917) that clarifies how reality can't be gotten a handle on legitimately in light of the fact that it is accessible just through view of the real world, which are portrayals of it in the brain. This is a strategy that endeavors to portray marvels without earlier suppositions, by dismissing earlier convictions or cognizance about things, occasions and people.His point was to figure out how to rise above subjectivity and comprehend wonder through understanding as the wellspring of cognizant information (Dermot Moran, 2002:1-22). He expected by this to suspend or section occasions, to go past the standard decisions of discernment to portray the things as they truly seem to be. Husserl’s phenomenological techniq ue incorporates ideas of Noema, ‘the object of our consideration, or, squares of meaning’, Noesis to mean, ‘the experience as it is experienced and the demonstration of awareness itself, or, procedure of presenting meaning’, and Bracketing ‘an demonstration of suspending our partialities and regular interpretations’ (Van Deurzen, 2005: 154).At this stage, these ideas are helping me to outline old recognized ‘blocks’ and deliberately portray them. It is likewise helping me to bring to my mindfulness a portion of my standards of conduct, which I was unconscious of, or mindful looking back, however uninformed of their reasons. Husserl’s strategy is keen in that it uncovers my ‘perspective dynamics’ (feeling of the real world, biases, relational intricacies) and causes me to comprehend and acknowledge how to find my squares. I would now be able to start to verbalize mysterious responses and divulge secretive feelings of trepidation, when truth about my character and individual characteristics start to be increasingly congenial and real.I all the time have been lost in my very own history not realizing some other way out of it. ‘This felt like a square in my life loosing contact, feeling distanced inside myself and in this way, forestalling oneself to stretch out towards others as completely as I would wish. In my comprehension of phenomenology in the above model, my own squares can keep me from living at the time of now. The models that will follow, there are such a significant number of contemplations and feelings diverting me from the snapshot of now. Figuring out how to make cognizant my own suspicions as noema, noesis and organizing, a part of phenomenological decrease called Epoche, was to figure out how to suspend preference, outline a specific conduct in center, and look at the manner in which I see things and individuals. I don’t know whether it is conceivable to interpret this procedure of decrease in all layers of my conduct. Yet, what I can be sure of is, that this decrease procedure has instructed me to know, in a progressively alert state, of my shrouded purposefulness and to assume liability, or better own my contemplations and activities intentionally in light of the fact that frequently I scanned for the fault outside of myself.And the inquiry was not to be found outside, yet the comprehension of those responses is to be discovered somewhere within me. ‘Bracketing is fundamental in light of the fact that the phenomenological request isn't negligible certainty discovering, it is the dread of purposeful ac ts’ (Van Deurzen, 2005: 154). Husserl’s supernatural Phenomenology hasn’t especially been trailed by his understudies and previous associates, for example, Martin Heidegger (Spinelli, 1989:2-3). A comment from Paul Ricoeur follows ‘that phenomenology is the narrative of the deviations from Husserl; â€Å"the history of phenomenology is the historical backdrop of Husserlian heresies† (Moran, 2002:2). I find that Husserl’s at the time questionable logical assessments permits phenomenological movement. Be that as it may, his discoveries are a decent premise to address what our actual qualities are, to permit us to examine our capability to be acceptable specialists. For what reason is the connection between Phenomenological theory, Existential, Person-focused Counseling and Psychotherapy, significant in guiding and psychotherapy? I extremely before long began to appreciate that phenomenology tends to key inquiries of human experience and that this endeavors to look at the procedure of abstract human instinct, without being instilled by some fixed theory.Philosophers have expounded a lot on the idea of oneself, and it is valuable for psychotherapists to reflect on the off chance that they are tending to human issues of presence from the correct point or simply underscoring one from a boundlessness of potential outcomes, or basically if the hypothesis needs movement. One worry that I think pertinent to consider is that psychotherapy, especially existential and individual focused directing, center around the advancement of the client’s independence (Sanders, 2004). Are the speculations sufficiently open to offer that self-governance, or are they in its push to comprehend a perspective, constraining its variability?In my assessment, it is basic to have an uncluttered brain which is liberated from fair suspicions when moving toward psychotherapy and advising. You read Phenomenology and Healthier Organismic Self in class Papers Existential specialists for instance, put more accentuation on the presence, than on the quintessence through the phenomenological decrease, since they don't wish to suspend presence. Carl Rogers‘s (1902-1987) idea of phenomenology keeps up that information on singular view of the truth is required for the comprehension of the human conduct, and recommends that we live as per our abstract mindfulness (Nye, 1992:97).Rogers accepted that individuals need the privilege mental and natural conditions to permit the grieved self to change and locate a more advantageous organismic self. ‘Necessary and adequate states of remedial character change’ (Kirshenbaum Henderson, 1990:219). There are three center conditions out of the six adequate conditions: Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR), which means really tolerating the individual as they are with no pre-imagined decisions interfering during the time spent the connection among customer and counsellor.Empathy, which means listening cautiously, leaves aside my states of worth, and, Congruence, which means veritable realness inside the directing relationship (Hough, 1998:103-104). I figured out how to proce ss these conditions through phenomenology. I can see the equal between individual focused and existential psychotherapy, on the grounds that for instance, Rogers’s treatment includes the therapist’s passage into the client’s special phenomenological world, without endeavoring to scan for oblivious thought processes, but instead focus on prompt cognizant experience and desires (Sanders, 2004:4). These conditions must be handled inside myself first, before I can endeavor to offer them to others. To me, there was a scholarly and passionate comprehension of how to incorporate Rogers’ center conditions when with others, however I was feeling the loss of the connection ‘how’ to do it, in light of the fact that the hypothesis felt all exceptionally sensitive, non-order and cut for the individuals who were brought into the world with those characteristics. I needed it to be a piece of my day by day make up, yet I ordinarily relapsed to old propensities, and felt I had returned to square zero.This is the motivation behind why I think phenomenology is significant in directing and psychotherapy. It is a technique that permits us to strip down any covers or shadows we have and chip away at a large number of our natural states of worth, for a more advantageous organismic encountering. I have been blessed to discover the way to chip away at my actual self, and somethi ng certainly occurred in my cognizant brain brought about by the above learning signals. I can genuinely portray with some satisfaction that I am handling my projections effectively with my ecological connections. The model that follows, portrays a critical occasion that gave me I have brought into light what resembled a projection into my full cognizant. Directly toward the start of the scholastic year, I used to hear one of my associates talk, and I used to feel some bothering. I didn’t know the reason. It was simply after the third week tha

Night World : Spellbinder Chapter 1

Removed. It was probably the most startling word a secondary school senior could consider, and it continued ringing in Thea Harman's psyche as her grandma's vehicle moved toward the school building. â€Å"This,† Grandma Harman said from the front seat, â€Å"is your last possibility. You do understand that, don't you?† As the driver pulled the vehicle to the control, she went on. â€Å"I don't have the foggiest idea why you got tossed out of the last school, and I would prefer not to know. In any case, if there's one whiff of difficulty at this school, I'm going to surrender and send both of you to your Aunt Ursula's. Also, you don't need that, presently, do you?† Thea shook her head enthusiastically. Auntie Ursula's home was nicknamed the Convent, a dim fortification on an abandoned peak. Stone dividers all over the place, an environment of despair and Aunt Ursula observing each move with dainty lips. Thea would prefer to kick the bucket than go there. In the rearward sitting arrangement close to her, Thea's cousin Blaise was shaking her head, as well yet Thea knew not to trust she was tuning in. Thea herself could barely think. She felt mixed up and very untogether, as though 50% of her were still back in New Hampshire, in the last head's office. She continued seeing the expression all over that implied she and Blaise were going to be ousted once more. Be that as it may, this time had been the most noticeably terrible. She'd always remember the way the squad car outside continued glimmering red and blue through the windows, or the manner in which the smoke continued ascending from the roasted survives from the music wing, or the way Randy Marik cried as the police drove him off to prison. Or on the other hand the way Blaise continued grinning. Triumphantly, as though it had all been a game. Thea looked sideways at her cousin. Blaise looked lovely and destructive, which wasn't her deficiency. She generally looked that way; it was a piece of having seething dim eyes and hair like halted smoke. She was as not the same as Thea's delicate blondness as night from day and it was her excellence which continued getting them in a difficult situation, however Thea couldn't resist cherishing her. All things considered, they'd been raised as sisters. Furthermore, the sister bond was the most grounded bond there was†¦ to a witch. However, we can't get removed once more. We can't. Furthermore, I realize you're thinking right since you can do it once more what's more, past Thea will stay with you-however this time you ‘re wrong. This time I must stop you. â€Å"That's all,† Gran said suddenly, getting done with her guidelines. â€Å"Keep your noses clean until the finish of October or you'll be grieved. Presently, get out.† She whacked the headrest of the driver's seat with her stick. â€Å"Home, Tobias.† The driver, a school age kid with wavy hair who had the stupefied and beaten articulation every one of Grandma's students got following a couple of days, mumbled, â€Å"Yes, High Lady,† and went after the gearshift. Thea snatched for the entryway handle and slid out of the vehicle quick. Blaise was directly behind her. The old Lincoln Continental dashed off. Thea was left remaining with Blaise under the warm Nevada sun, before the two-story adobe building complex. Lake Mead High School. Thea squinted more than once, attempting to launch her mind. At that point she went to her cousin. â€Å"Tell me,† she said dismally, â€Å"that you're not going to do something very similar here.† Blaise giggled. â€Å"I never do something very similar twice.† â€Å"You recognize what I mean.† Blaise tightened her lips and came to down to change the highest point of her boot. â€Å"I think Gran tried too hard a little with the talk, isn't that right? I believe there's something she's not outlining for us. That is to say, what was that bit about the finish of the month?† She fixed, hurled back her mane of dull hair and grinned pleasantly. â€Å"And shouldn't we be heading off to the workplace to get our schedules?† â€Å"Are you going to answer my question?† â€Å"Did you ask a question?† Thea shut her eyes. â€Å"Blaise, we are coming up short on family members. In the event that it happens once more well, would you like to go to the Convent?† Just because, Blaise's demeanor obscured. At that point she shrugged, sending fluid waves down her free ruby-hued shirt. â€Å"Better hustle. We would prefer not to be tardy.† â€Å"You go ahead,† Thea said sleepily. She looked as her cousin left, hips influencing in the trademark Blaise lilt. Thea took another breath, analyzing the structures with their angled entryways and pink mortar dividers. She knew the drill. One more year of living with them, of strolling unobtrusively through lobbies realizing that she was not quite the same as everyone around her, even while she was cautiously, expertly professing to be the equivalent. It wasn't hard. People weren't extremely brilliant. Be that as it may, it took a specific measure of fixation. She had quite recently headed toward the workplace herself when she heard raised voices. A little bunch of understudies had accumulated at the edge of the parking garage. â€Å"Stay away from it.† â€Å"Kill it!† Thea joined the fringe of the gathering, being unnoticeable. Be that as it may, at that point she saw what was on the ground past the check and she made three surprised strides until she was looking directly down at it. Oh†¦ how delightful. Long, solid body†¦ wide head†¦ and a string of quickly vibrating horny rings on the tail. They were making a clamor like steam getting away, or melon seeds being shaken. The snake was olive green, with wide precious stones down its back. The scales on the face looked sparkly, practically wet. Also, its dark tongue gleamed so fast†¦. A stone zoomed past her and hit the ground alongside the snake. Residue puffed. Thea looked up. A child in shorts was stepping back, looking terrified and triumphant. â€Å"Don't do that,† someone said. â€Å"Get a stick,† another person said. â€Å"Keep away from it.† â€Å"Kill it.† Another stone flew. The countenances around Thea weren't horrendous. Some were interested, some were frightened, some were loaded up with a kind of entranced nauseate. Be that as it may, it was all going to wind up the equivalent for the snake. A kid with red hair came running up with a forked branch. Individuals were going after rocks. I can't let them, Thea thought. Rattlers were in reality quite delicate their spines were helpless. These children may murder the snake without significance to. Also that several the children may get chomped all the while. Be that as it may, she didn't have anything†¦ no jasper against venom, no St. John root to calm the brain. It didn't make a difference. She needed to accomplish something. The redheaded kid was hovering with the stick like a warrior searching for an opening. The children around him were on the other hand cautioning him and giving a shout out to him. The snake was growing its body, tongue-tips gleaming up what's more, down quicker than Thea's eye could follow. It was frantic. Dropping her rucksack, she slipped before the red-haired kid. She could see his stun and she heard a few people holler, however she attempted to shut it hard and fast. She expected to center. I trust I can do this†¦. She bowed a foot away from the rattler. The snake fell into a striking loop. Front body brought up in a S-formed winding, head and neck held like a ready spear. Nothing looked so prepared to rush as a snake in this position. Easy†¦ simple, Thea thought, gazing into the thin catlike understudies of the yellow eyes. She gradually lifted her hands, palms confronting the snake. Stressed clamors from the group behind her. The snake was breathing in and breathing out with a vicious murmur. Thea inhaled cautiously, attempting to transmit harmony. Presently, who could support her? Obviously, her very own defender, the goddess nearest to her heart. Eileithyia of old Crete, the mother of the creatures. Eileithyia, Mistress of the Beasts, if you don't mind advise this critter to quiet down. Assist me with seeing into its little twisted heart so I'll recognize what to do. And afterward it occurred, the superb change that even Thea didn't comprehend. Some portion of her turned into the snake. There was a peculiar obscuring of Thea's limits she was herself, however she was additionally wound on the warm ground, irate and sensitive and edgy to return to the wellbeing of a creosote bramble. She'd had eleven infants some time prior and had never fully recuperated from the experience. Presently she was encircled by enormous, hot, quick moving animals. Huge living-things†¦ excessively close. Not reacting to my danger clamors. Better nibble them. The snake had just two guidelines for managing creatures that weren't food. 1) Shake your tail until they leave without stepping on you. 2) If they don't leave, strike. Thea the individual kept her hands consistent and attempted to pound another idea into the little reptile cerebrum. Smell me. Taste me. I don't possess a scent like a human. I'm a little girl of Hellewise. The snake's tongue brushed her palm. Its tips were so dainty and fragile that Thea could scarcely feel them flash against her skin. In any case, she could feel the snake drop down from most extreme caution. It was unwinding, prepared to withdraw. In one more moment it would listen when she told it to crawl away. Behind her, she heard another aggravation in the group. ‘There's Eric!† â€Å"Hey, Eric-rattlesnake!† Shut it out, Thea thought. Another voice, inaccessible however coming nearer. â€Å"Leave only it, folks. It's most likely only a bull snake.† There was a swell of energized forswearing. Thea could feel her association slipping. Stay focused†¦. Be that as it may, no one could have remained centered during what occurred straightaway. She heard a brisk stride. A shadow tumbled from the east. At that point she heard a wheeze. â€Å"Mojave rattler!† And afterward something hit her, sending her flying sideways. It happened so quick that she didn't have the opportunity to bend. She landed horrendously on her arm. She lost control of the snake. Everything she could see as she looked east was a flaky olive-green head driving forward so quick it was a haze. Its jaws were all the way open-incredibly wide-and its teeth sank into the blue-jeaned leg of the kid who had taken Thea off the beaten path.

Conflict Identification and Resolution Free Essays

Strife Identification and Resolution BUS 610: Organizational Behavior Currently I am utilized at Bank of America, they [Bank of America] set up another office called the Enterprise Estate Unit where expired clients accounts are taken care of. At the point when we the workers were told that the Enterprise Estate Unit was being set up everybody was energized on the grounds that it was an opportunity to move into an alternate line of business. Bank of America partners are not permitted to â€Å"post out† or go after various jobs until they have been at their present situation for at leas a year, anyway when partners were informed about the new office the guidance given by HR was all partners could apply with endorsement of their administrator. We will compose a custom paper test on Struggle Identification and Resolution or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now With that new data partners (recently recruited employees and tenured partners) apply to be in the new division. The contention emerged when recently recruited employees were being recruited to move to the new division over the tenured partners and the tenured partners didn't feel that was reasonable. After grumblings were given to the site chief about recently recruited employees being picked over the tenured partners, the site head needed to examine why fresh recruits were being permitted to present out on various positions. After examination the site head discovered the data given by the human asset office was mistaken, just partners that had been with the organization for a year or more were permitted to go after the job. Scouts that talked with partners for the position likewise realized that solitary partners that had been with the organization for a year or more could go after various jobs. Poor correspondence was the reason for this contention. There was an absence of outside correspondence, the correspondence between â€Å"the company’s staff and customers, providers, and sellers (Kondrat, 2009). † Applications were sent to an outsider enlisting organization that didn't have the foggiest idea about the strategy of just presenting on positions in the wake of being with an organization for a year. Since workers didn't get clear course, the standard is that partners could just go after jobs following a time of being with the organization, anyway the posting expressed that with chief endorsement, anybody could post for the position. Therefore, workers self-guided and made their own standards and needs, which contrasted from the association. Poor correspondence is a major issue that causes strife in an association. Chris Joseph said in his article that in a working environment setting absence of correspondence prompts strife, which can hurt an association, and poor correspondence makes struggle in various manners, the sorts of contention that could emerge because of the absence of correspondence or the absence of correspondence are: making vulnerability, absence of devotion, and bits of gossip and tattle, (Joseph, 2012). In the circumstance recently depicted the two greatest clashes that emerged in light of the absence of and poor correspondence was the absence of reliability and gossipy tidbits and tattle, with bits of gossip and tattle being the most concerning issue. â€Å"If representatives don’t know the goal of their collaborators or the organization, they may depend on hypothesis. Regardless of whether bits of gossip create in regards to an organization merger or about partiality toward a solitary worker, tattle makes a threatening workplace (Baldwin, 2012). Dispersing right data would diminish tattle and furthermore ease representatives brain and cause them to feel like they are esteemed. In an association powerful correspondence is a fundamental component, particularly in an effective association. Viable correspondence is expected to process and send data, thoughts, musings and thoughts between individuals from the association. Absence of dependability is likewise an aftereffect of a bsence of correspondence. A feeling of worker recognizable proof encourages organization dedication [†¦] With an absence of correspondence, your representatives may distinguish less with your association. They may search somewhere else for an occupation where they feel a personal stake (Baldwin, 2012). † The sentiment of an absence of reliability is another contention that emerged because of the absence of correspondence. A large number of the partners that were investigated for the position left Bank of America and discovered situations with different organizations since they felt the time that they contributed with the organization was not esteemed. Shockingly the site chief needed to assume the job of the â€Å"Devils Advocate† be that as it may, the contention was settled and certain measures were taken to ensure that a circumstance like this would not occur once more. The site chief didn't repudiate the situation from the recently recruited employees that were offered the situation in the Enterprise Estate Unit, anyway the fresh recruits that had interviews booked for the position couldn't meet, and the tenured partners that didn't get interviews offered to them in light of the fact that the meeting portion was filled had the option to get interviews and whenever qualified they were recruited. The site chief assembled the entirety of the partners and ensured partners comprehended that regardless of what postings state that on the off chance that you [associates] had not been with the organization in any event a year they were not permitted to go after jobs. Additionally another standard was applied, and that standard is that all applications are not permitted to go straight through to the enrollment specialists; they needed to experience HR to ensure the workers are qualified. References Baldwin, A. (2012). Absence of correspondence as a shortcoming in associations. Recovered from http://www. ehow. com/info_8773766_lack-correspondence shortcoming associations. html Joseph, C. (2012). How does an absence of correspondence cause strife in the working environment?. Recovered from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/need correspondence cause-strife working environment 10470. html Kondrat, A. (2009, February 12). Successful correspondence in the work environment. Recovered from http://suite101. com/article/successful correspondence at-work environment a95815 The most effective method to refer to Conflict Identification and Resolution, Essay models

euro disney

euro disney Euro Disney: The First 100 daysThe Walt Disney Company is the organization that has a few fruitful amusement stops on the planet, and each individual around the globe needs to go visit their amusement parks. In any case, their abroad extension in Paris, France was not fruitful as their other amusement stops in the United States and Japan. Their objective market was center around kids and youthful grown-up everywhere throughout the Europe, the issue was that their objective range was excessively wide. Covering everywhere throughout the Europe was ungovernable for Euro Disney on the grounds that there are such a large number of nations that have various dialects and various societies. Additionally, Europeans was not open to American culture to acknowledge as Japanese did in light of the fact that Japanese individuals had been engaged through Disney's kid's shows and motion pictures yet European had not.People who visited Euro Disney was not happy with client support in Euro Disney. The clients certainly expected the high caliber of administration as other Disney amusement parks, yet the European representatives didn't give the excellent assistance as American worker did.Stunt activity at Euro Disney, ParisAlso, the social contrast among Americans and Europeans caused the disappointment about the administration. For example, the Disney Company restricted to drink mixed refreshment in the Euro Disney Land as they did in different areas. Americans felt that the interests of kids must be placed first in a carnival unquestionably, yet Europeans didn't concur with that position despite the fact that they are guardians of kids. Drinking wine was customary thing for European individuals, and they didn't think drinking wine is terrible for kids. Consequently, Disney's situation about not savoring liquor the amusement park started the French individuals' solid restriction. At long last, the organization permitted savoring wine the Euro Disney about 10 years after the openi ng. This model shows...

Coca-Cola Internal Analysis and SWOT Analysis Essay

Coca-Cola Internal Analysis and SWOT Analysis - Essay Example Normally this implies the associations must build up their inward abilities to the degree that they will be hard for contenders to mimic or substitute. This paper leads an inside examination of the Coca-Cola Company so as to outline those assets and abilities from which it infers its quality just as those capabilities that it either needs or inadequately executes and as such are its significant shortcomings that contenders could abuse. The paper starts with an assessment of Coca-Cola’s unmistakable and impalpable assets that lead to its qualities at that point utilizes the worth chain examination to bring out and afterward break down the company’s shortcomings. Examination Resource and competency investigation According to Henry (2011) while the presence of assets is significant, without anyone else they don't present any advantages to the association. It is the manner by which productively these assets are designed that gives the association skills that permit the as sociation to accomplish upper hand. ... organization ready to mix fixings into the exceptional Coke recipe X - Ability to persistently concoct new items as well as grow product offerings - Managing the world’s biggest drink appropriation framework (Coca-Cola, 2012) additionally viable in diversifying - Enterprise Value: US$ 173.46 billion (Yahoo! Money, 2012) - Current Ratio over 1 from 2009 to 2011 (EBIT Financial, 2012). - Return on Equity, Operating edge and Net edges have been twofold digits since 2007 (EBIT Financial, 2012) Financial - Has the assets for R&D, advertise improvement, showcase extension, etc. - Company’s effective in turning its item to money - Ability to reliably convey benefits consoles speculators and different providers of monetary capital - 146,200 representatives Human - Also has a solid decent variety and consideration approach that advances its ability pool - Holds mystery equation X Intellectual/innovative - Own and showcase four of the world’s top five nonalcoho lic shimmering drink brands: Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. Intangibles - Intelligently misused the secret of Coke’s recipe X for showcase situating - Renown for prevalent publicizing and other market advancement strategies From the table over three key qualities rise. Right off the bat, Coca-Cola has a wonderful worldwide nearness. This empowers the organization to use its economies of scale to debilitate the intensity of its providers just as its clients. Additionally, this worldwide nearness suggests that the organization can adjust its presentation in moderate financial locales with that from blasting monetary districts to support its benefit. Also, the company’s sound money related position in any event, during the worldwide downturn gives it a decent FICO assessment. This implies the organization can without much of a stretch raise extra capital for different vital

How Much Do You Really Know About University

How Much Do You Really Know About University EP 62: How Much Do You Really Know About University? EP 62: How Much Do You Really Know About University? How much do you know about Canadian higher education? Test your knowledge with Cath Anne with a game of True and False! Higher education is changing rapidly. Tuition is on the rise, the student body is becoming more diverse, and there are more fields of study to choose from than ever before. If you’re considering a post-secondary education, it’s important to know all the facts ahead of time. All information sourced from: Statistics Canada: cv.action?pid=3710001801 Maclean: Universities Canada: National Center for Education Statistics: dt17_330.20.asp?current=yes Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys. And welcome back to our channel. This is the homework help show hosted by Homework Help Global. And my name is Cath Anne. I am the weekly host of The Homework Help Show. Today on the show, we have something really exciting for you guys and I hope youll be as excited as I am for it. I think its going to be super fun. Today were testing our knowledge of the higher education system through a true and false quiz. How fun is that? Cath Anne: [00:00:30] Its been a little while since Ive done any multiple choice or true and false questions so I am really going to be put to the test here. So I hope you guys will join me and make sure to let me know and let us know how many questions you get right. And Ill see how many I get right to. Cath Anne: [00:00:55] OK. So lets jump into the questions now. I have seen these questions ahead of time. Dont worry I havent had enough time to do any research around them or anything like that so Im going in this only knowing the questions. So youre going to see my authentic reaction when I answer the questions. So lets jump in. Here we go. Cath Anne: [00:01:18] So question number one. The average yearly cost of tuition is sixty six hundred dollars Canadian, or six thousand six hundred dollars Canadian. OK lets think about that. I want to say that its a little bit more than that however, Im thinking that Im going to say true to this question because I feel like Im thinking that if you lived on campus it would be a little bit more. So lets go with true. Sixty six hundred dollars Canadian is the average tuition cost. Lets see the answer. Cath Anne: [00:02:02] OK. So we were right. It is true. In 2017-2018 Statistics Canada reported that the average yearly tuition was $6,618 CAD. So we were right on the money. We got it right. It was true. So just to compare, in 2017 average tuition was $23,000 USD in four year universities. Holy moly that is a lot. So to break it down a little bit more. Average tuition in the U.S. in that year range from $8,700 in-state public institutions all the way up to twenty nine thousand dollars in private non-profit institutions. Oh my goodness that is so much money to pay for an education. But education is valuable so thats still a lot of money now. Sixty six hundred dollars Canadian might not sound like a lot. However lets think about it a little bit more. In 2009 average Canadian tuition was four thousand four hundred ninety two dollars Canadian. So it has gone up a significant amount in only 10 years and undergraduate programs in law dentistry and medicine have some of the highest tuitio n costs where as programs in math or business their tuition costs are a little bit lower. So it definitely depends on which program you are intending to go into. Cath Anne: [00:03:53] OK. Now lets move on to question number two. The average student spends about seven hundred dollars on books annually. Let me think about that a little bit more. So Im just thinking one of those big textbooks that you might buy for a class a hardcover textbook. Id say is usually around two hundred dollars and say youre taking five classes and you had to buy one of those for every class. I would say you might end up spending a little bit more than 700 dollars depending on the course youre taking. So Im going to go with false because I think you spend more money on textbooks. Lets see. Cath Anne: [00:04:44] OK so the answer is true. The average student spends about seven hundred seventy three dollars yearly on textbooks and you know what a lot of students dont realize that paying for university involves more than just paying tuition. There are many other costs involved in going to university or college. You also have to factor in things like food housing costs tuition of course books and lab fees. These are all additional costs on top of your yearly tuition costs. And when you think about it books alone could cost over three thousand dollars by the time you are finished your degree. My goodness that is so much money now. The average cost of tuition for a student who is choosing to live off campus is about nineteen thousand five hundred dollars. This includes things like transportation housing food and all additional costs that come along with living off campus. You also want to consider things like extracurriculars and fun events that you dont want to miss out on. If you are a student now the overall cost will certainly vary depending on your situation and whether you decide to live on campus or at home. Every student situation is certainly going to be different. Its also going to vary depending on what city you choose to live in because some cities are a lot more expensive than other cities. Its just important to remember that when you are choosing to become a student that there are more additional costs than simply paying tuition. There are many other costs involved in being a student and it should be something that is taken quite seriously. Now if youre nervous about the cost of tuition which some students are its a good idea to start saving early. You can also look into scholarship funds government aid and if there are any grants or student funding that are available in your area its also great to look into any private scholarship funds that you might qualify for. Most often this information can easily be found online or you could simply contact your schools financial aid department. And Im sure that theyd be happy to walk you through the process of applying for all of the financial aid that is available. Take advantage of it because as we noted university it can be quite an expense. Cath Anne: [00:07:19] OK. Question number three only eleven percent of Canadian undergraduates study abroad. Now this is a really interesting question because I feel like there are a lot of opportunities to study abroad in different universities these days. So let me think about that. Mm hmm. Im going to- even though there are a lot of opportunities I think Im going to say that is true because Im not sure that everyone takes advantage of those opportunities. OK lets check the answer. Cath Anne: [00:07:53] OK so we were right. It was true. Only 11 percent of undergraduate students choose to take advantage of studying abroad or doing a volunteer or internship program in another country. Whats more only 10 percent of students choose to study out of province and I think that is such an interesting number. Im super surprised to hear that only 10 percent of students choose to go to another province. The number one destination for study abroad students is the United Kingdom. Thats quite interesting. And another top three locations where students choose to study abroad are Australia France and Germany all wonderful places to travel. Cath Anne: [00:08:42] OK. Question number four. And this is a really interesting one. International students make up 3 percent of enrollment at Canadian post-secondary institutions. This is a tough one. OK three percent. Im really not sure I feel that might be right. OK Im going to go with you. OK. Lets see what it is. Cath Anne: [00:09:07] Oh I got it wrong its false. OK so in 1997, international students made up only three percent of postsecondary enrolments in Canadian universities. That is super interesting. OK. So 97. Thats quite a while ago. And in 2017, that number increased to 12 percent. So it went from 3 percent to 12 percent. So it seems like a lot of people are coming to Canada to enroll in university. In fact international students are enrolling at a faster pace than Canadian students in Canadian universities. Canada is becoming a more and more attractive location for folks overseas which is wonderful. Ontario followed by British Columbia and Quebec are home to 80 percent of Canadas international students. Wow that is amazing. While the highest number of international students come from China the fastest growing group of international students is from India. Cath Anne: [00:10:16] OK here we are on our final question. Question number five. And this will be an interesting one as well. There are more male students and then female students enrolled in Canadian post-secondary institutions. OK. This is a big question. Lets see. Im going to go with true I feel like it may have changed because I feel like thats a statistic that I heard a few years ago but Im still going to go with true. Cath Anne: [00:10:52] False. Oh my goodness. OK. So as of 2017 women continued a 10 year streak of outnumbering male students in post-secondary institutions. They make up fifty six percent of all enrollments in Canadian institutions. Thats incredible. Go girls. Great job. Women accounted for 74 percent of those enrolled in education and health related fields. Men however accounted for 73 percent of those enrolled in disciplines like architecture engineering math and computer sciences. Cath Anne: [00:11:37] Whoo. That was a lot of information. How did you guys make out? Did you get any right? I feel like I was 50/50, I got some right and some wrong. I cant even remember which ones I got right or wrong. Were you surprised by any of the answers? Cath Anne: [00:11:52] Higher education is changing rapidly. Tuition is on the rise. There are more students enrolling in post-secondary education and the areas of interest or areas of study are becoming increasingly diverse. So how does this affect young Canadians who are hoping to gain access to post-secondary education and get a degree? Well for one thing the traditional educational experience is going to look different for everyone. You might be living on campus you might be living with your parents maybe you choose to go to college or maybe youre more of a university person you might live in the city you might work part time or maybe you use your spare time to get involved in activities or clubs on campus. The key to being successful in university is to find a learning environment that works for you. If youre interested in learning about some different college experiences and how they take shape differently for everyone check out our student influencers podcast on the podcast. W e talk to students from around Canada in the USA about the ups and downs of college and university life. We discuss how they learned to balance their responsibilities around school work and also manage to have some hobbies and a bit of a social life. Cath Anne: [00:13:21] So guys I really hope that you enjoyed this video as much as I did. This was a super fun one and Im hoping that well manage to do it once again. So let us know if you enjoyed this video jump into the comments section and connect with us around these questions and let us know if there were any that surprised you and how you did answering them. For more content from The Homework Help Show. Make sure to follow us on social media all of our information is linked and listed in the description box below. So make sure to check it out. And as always you jump into the comments section. We always love to hear from you. Connect with us on social media and let us know how many of the true and false questions you are about right. By using the hashtag #askHHG. Okay guys thank you so much for joining me as always. Make sure to connect with us on social media talk soon and take care. How Much Do You Really Know About University EP 62: How Much Do You Really Know About University? EP 62: How Much Do You Really Know About University? How much do you know about Canadian higher education? Test your knowledge with Cath Anne with a game of True and False! Higher education is changing rapidly. Tuition is on the rise, the student body is becoming more diverse, and there are more fields of study to choose from than ever before. If you’re considering a post-secondary education, it’s important to know all the facts ahead of time. All information sourced from: Statistics Canada: cv.action?pid=3710001801 Maclean: Universities Canada: National Center for Education Statistics: dt17_330.20.asp?current=yes Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys. And welcome back to our channel. This is the homework help show hosted by Homework Help Global. And my name is Cath Anne. I am the weekly host of The Homework Help Show. Today on the show, we have something really exciting for you guys and I hope youll be as excited as I am for it. I think its going to be super fun. Today were testing our knowledge of the higher education system through a true and false quiz. How fun is that? Cath Anne: [00:00:30] Its been a little while since Ive done any multiple choice or true and false questions so I am really going to be put to the test here. So I hope you guys will join me and make sure to let me know and let us know how many questions you get right. And Ill see how many I get right to. Cath Anne: [00:00:55] OK. So lets jump into the questions now. I have seen these questions ahead of time. Dont worry I havent had enough time to do any research around them or anything like that so Im going in this only knowing the questions. So youre going to see my authentic reaction when I answer the questions. So lets jump in. Here we go. Cath Anne: [00:01:18] So question number one. The average yearly cost of tuition is sixty six hundred dollars Canadian, or six thousand six hundred dollars Canadian. OK lets think about that. I want to say that its a little bit more than that however, Im thinking that Im going to say true to this question because I feel like Im thinking that if you lived on campus it would be a little bit more. So lets go with true. Sixty six hundred dollars Canadian is the average tuition cost. Lets see the answer. Cath Anne: [00:02:02] OK. So we were right. It is true. In 2017-2018 Statistics Canada reported that the average yearly tuition was $6,618 CAD. So we were right on the money. We got it right. It was true. So just to compare, in 2017 average tuition was $23,000 USD in four year universities. Holy moly that is a lot. So to break it down a little bit more. Average tuition in the U.S. in that year range from $8,700 in-state public institutions all the way up to twenty nine thousand dollars in private non-profit institutions. Oh my goodness that is so much money to pay for an education. But education is valuable so thats still a lot of money now. Sixty six hundred dollars Canadian might not sound like a lot. However lets think about it a little bit more. In 2009 average Canadian tuition was four thousand four hundred ninety two dollars Canadian. So it has gone up a significant amount in only 10 years and undergraduate programs in law dentistry and medicine have some of the highest tuitio n costs where as programs in math or business their tuition costs are a little bit lower. So it definitely depends on which program you are intending to go into. Cath Anne: [00:03:53] OK. Now lets move on to question number two. The average student spends about seven hundred dollars on books annually. Let me think about that a little bit more. So Im just thinking one of those big textbooks that you might buy for a class a hardcover textbook. Id say is usually around two hundred dollars and say youre taking five classes and you had to buy one of those for every class. I would say you might end up spending a little bit more than 700 dollars depending on the course youre taking. So Im going to go with false because I think you spend more money on textbooks. Lets see. Cath Anne: [00:04:44] OK so the answer is true. The average student spends about seven hundred seventy three dollars yearly on textbooks and you know what a lot of students dont realize that paying for university involves more than just paying tuition. There are many other costs involved in going to university or college. You also have to factor in things like food housing costs tuition of course books and lab fees. These are all additional costs on top of your yearly tuition costs. And when you think about it books alone could cost over three thousand dollars by the time you are finished your degree. My goodness that is so much money now. The average cost of tuition for a student who is choosing to live off campus is about nineteen thousand five hundred dollars. This includes things like transportation housing food and all additional costs that come along with living off campus. You also want to consider things like extracurriculars and fun events that you dont want to miss out on. If you are a student now the overall cost will certainly vary depending on your situation and whether you decide to live on campus or at home. Every student situation is certainly going to be different. Its also going to vary depending on what city you choose to live in because some cities are a lot more expensive than other cities. Its just important to remember that when you are choosing to become a student that there are more additional costs than simply paying tuition. There are many other costs involved in being a student and it should be something that is taken quite seriously. Now if youre nervous about the cost of tuition which some students are its a good idea to start saving early. You can also look into scholarship funds government aid and if there are any grants or student funding that are available in your area its also great to look into any private scholarship funds that you might qualify for. Most often this information can easily be found online or you could simply contact your schools financial aid department. And Im sure that theyd be happy to walk you through the process of applying for all of the financial aid that is available. Take advantage of it because as we noted university it can be quite an expense. Cath Anne: [00:07:19] OK. Question number three only eleven percent of Canadian undergraduates study abroad. Now this is a really interesting question because I feel like there are a lot of opportunities to study abroad in different universities these days. So let me think about that. Mm hmm. Im going to- even though there are a lot of opportunities I think Im going to say that is true because Im not sure that everyone takes advantage of those opportunities. OK lets check the answer. Cath Anne: [00:07:53] OK so we were right. It was true. Only 11 percent of undergraduate students choose to take advantage of studying abroad or doing a volunteer or internship program in another country. Whats more only 10 percent of students choose to study out of province and I think that is such an interesting number. Im super surprised to hear that only 10 percent of students choose to go to another province. The number one destination for study abroad students is the United Kingdom. Thats quite interesting. And another top three locations where students choose to study abroad are Australia France and Germany all wonderful places to travel. Cath Anne: [00:08:42] OK. Question number four. And this is a really interesting one. International students make up 3 percent of enrollment at Canadian post-secondary institutions. This is a tough one. OK three percent. Im really not sure I feel that might be right. OK Im going to go with you. OK. Lets see what it is. Cath Anne: [00:09:07] Oh I got it wrong its false. OK so in 1997, international students made up only three percent of postsecondary enrolments in Canadian universities. That is super interesting. OK. So 97. Thats quite a while ago. And in 2017, that number increased to 12 percent. So it went from 3 percent to 12 percent. So it seems like a lot of people are coming to Canada to enroll in university. In fact international students are enrolling at a faster pace than Canadian students in Canadian universities. Canada is becoming a more and more attractive location for folks overseas which is wonderful. Ontario followed by British Columbia and Quebec are home to 80 percent of Canadas international students. Wow that is amazing. While the highest number of international students come from China the fastest growing group of international students is from India. Cath Anne: [00:10:16] OK here we are on our final question. Question number five. And this will be an interesting one as well. There are more male students and then female students enrolled in Canadian post-secondary institutions. OK. This is a big question. Lets see. Im going to go with true I feel like it may have changed because I feel like thats a statistic that I heard a few years ago but Im still going to go with true. Cath Anne: [00:10:52] False. Oh my goodness. OK. So as of 2017 women continued a 10 year streak of outnumbering male students in post-secondary institutions. They make up fifty six percent of all enrollments in Canadian institutions. Thats incredible. Go girls. Great job. Women accounted for 74 percent of those enrolled in education and health related fields. Men however accounted for 73 percent of those enrolled in disciplines like architecture engineering math and computer sciences. Cath Anne: [00:11:37] Whoo. That was a lot of information. How did you guys make out? Did you get any right? I feel like I was 50/50, I got some right and some wrong. I cant even remember which ones I got right or wrong. Were you surprised by any of the answers? Cath Anne: [00:11:52] Higher education is changing rapidly. Tuition is on the rise. There are more students enrolling in post-secondary education and the areas of interest or areas of study are becoming increasingly diverse. So how does this affect young Canadians who are hoping to gain access to post-secondary education and get a degree? Well for one thing the traditional educational experience is going to look different for everyone. You might be living on campus you might be living with your parents maybe you choose to go to college or maybe youre more of a university person you might live in the city you might work part time or maybe you use your spare time to get involved in activities or clubs on campus. The key to being successful in university is to find a learning environment that works for you. If youre interested in learning about some different college experiences and how they take shape differently for everyone check out our student influencers podcast on the podcast. W e talk to students from around Canada in the USA about the ups and downs of college and university life. We discuss how they learned to balance their responsibilities around school work and also manage to have some hobbies and a bit of a social life. Cath Anne: [00:13:21] So guys I really hope that you enjoyed this video as much as I did. This was a super fun one and Im hoping that well manage to do it once again. So let us know if you enjoyed this video jump into the comments section and connect with us around these questions and let us know if there were any that surprised you and how you did answering them. For more content from The Homework Help Show. Make sure to follow us on social media all of our information is linked and listed in the description box below. So make sure to check it out. And as always you jump into the comments section. We always love to hear from you. Connect with us on social media and let us know how many of the true and false questions you are about right. By using the hashtag #askHHG. Okay guys thank you so much for joining me as always. Make sure to connect with us on social media talk soon and take care.

The Aztecs Civilization Culture - Free Essay Example

The Aztec culture was one of the most successful civilizations in the world that thrived in present day central Mexico more than 700 years ago during 1300 to 1521. The Aztecs were small tribal people who lived on the edges of Mesoamerica. They referred to themselves as the Tenochca, from their ancestor, Tenoch, and the Mexica. They included different ethnic groups, though mostly those who spoke the Nahuatl language. The Aztecs developed the city/capital of Tenochtitlan as well as one of the most unique and complicated civilizations known to the ancient world. The Aztecs were talented writers, builders, artists and craftsmen who developed different types of government, religion, culture, technology, economy, geography as well as a calendar and new mathematical techniques. Developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial structure that brought many of the regions city-states under their control by the 15th century, they quickly became the dominant force in central Mexico. Their name is derived from Aztlan, the homeland of the north. The Aztecs also call themselves Mexica and there language came from the Nahuatl branch of the Uto-Aztecan family. By 1519 the Aztec civilization was destroyed by Spanish conquerors under Hernando Cortes. Though the Aztec civilization has long been conquered, there are still over one million speakers of Nahuatl in rural areas of central Mexico. Religion Religion was very important in Aztec life. Aztec religion was polytheistic, therefore consisted of a large number of gods and goddesses, each of whom ruled one or more human activities or aspects of nature. These gods and goddesses were seen more as forces or spirits, each possessing a number of distinctive attributes of clothing and regalia. The most prominent deities included Tezcatlipoca, a powerful creator god who was the patron of kings; Quetzalcoatl, the god of learning and patron of priests; Tlaloc, an ancient central Mexican rain god; and Huitzilopochtli, the patron god of the Mexica people.[Smith:06:06] The Aztecs believed that different worlds existed before ours and that each of them were destroyed by disasters in which mankind had been wiped out. The Aztec rationale for human sacrifice came from cosmic view that surrounded the demands of their god Huitzilopochtli, the sun and god of war, as well as a myth of solar struggle. They believed that the sun and earth had been destroyed in a cataclysm and recreated four times and that they lived in the age of the fifth sun. Each of these suns is shown on monuments such as the Aztec calendar or the stone of the suns by the date in which shows the nature of the disaster which ended it. To avoid the end of the world for as long as possible, the Aztecs believed that serving Huitzilopochtli would help prevent the end of the fifth sun. It was by religion that the city and the tribe were one, and by religion that variety was unified. [Soustelle:93:94] The ancient Mexicans believed in two ancient beings who were at the origin of all others, even of the gods: they were Ometecuhtli, the Lord of the Duality, and Omecihuatl, the Lady of the Duality; and they lived at the summit of the world, in the thirteenth heaven. Their unending fruitfulness produced all the gods, and from it all mankind is born. The gods were the creators of the earth: the most important act in this creation was the birth of the sun; and this sun was born from sacrifice and blood. This was the beginning of the cosmic drama in which humanity took on the role of the gods. Furthermore, the Aztecs accepted the view of a natural cycle: the sun, along with the rain, nourished the plant life that sustained human life; therefore humans should give sustenance to the sun and rain gods. To keep the sun moving in its course, it was necessary to feed it every day with its food, the precious water, human blood. Sacrifice was a sacred duty towards the sun and a necessity for the welfare of men: without it the very life of the world would stop. The most common form of sacrifice involved cutting open the chests of victims on altars atop tall temple-pyramids. [Smith:06:06] In practice, the ritual offering of the sun god involved the removal of of a palpitating human heart for presentation to Huitzilopochtli. Most victims were enemy soldiers captured in battle. Without such expressions of reverence, Aztecs feared that the sun might not rise to make its way across the sky. Sacrifice was to the Aztecs a solemn, and necessary, religious ceremony for the purpose of providing the nourishment and renewal that enabled the gods to maintain balance in the cosmos. These rituals followed strictly prescribed procedures in a complex ceremonial system. The most familiar sacrificial ceremony took place atop a high temple, where the victim was spread-eagled over a stone, his back arched. While his limbs were held by four assistants, the priest went under the rib cage with an obsidian knife to remove the heart. Every time that a priest on top of a pyramid held up the bleeding heart of a man and then placed it in the cuauhxicalli the disaster that threatened to fall upon the world was postponed once more. Human sacrifice was an alchemy by which life was made out of death, and the gods themselves had given the examples on the first day of creation. But this was not the only form of sacrifice. Women were dedicated to the goddesses of the earth, and while they danced, pretending to be unaware of their fate, their heads were struck off; children were drowned as an offering to the rain-god Tlaloc; the fire-gods victims, anaesthetised by yauhtli (hashish), were thrown into the blaze; and those who personified the god Xipe Totec were fastened to a kind of frame, shot with arrows and then flayed the priests dressed themselves in the skin. [Soustelle:98:94] The Aztecs perceived themselves as living in an insecure world, in a conflict between order and chaos, at the mercy of the elements and at the edge of doom. They thought natural disasters were caused by their gods displeasure. Since individuals were at the mercy of the gods, their best safeguard was to take no chances and adhere to carefully prescribed rules and rituals. As for man, his very first duty was to provide nourishment intonan intota tlaltecuhtli tonatiuh, for our mother and our father, the earth and the sun; and to avoid this was to betray the gods and the same time all of mankind, for what was true of the sun was also true of the earth, the rain, growth, and all the forces of nature. Nothing was born, nothing would endure, except by the blood sacrifice. There was a version of afterlife, but it was not the same for all. Mothers who died in childbirth went to a special heaven. Warriors who fell in battle or were sacrificed by the enemy went to a paradise with perfumed clouds, to accompany the sun in its daily passage; or they could find a new life as a hummingbird, destined to spend eternity among fragrant blossoms, but most went to Mictlan, which required the soul to take a difficult journey through nine downward levels. Intense spirituality pervaded Tenochtitlan, and religious observances occurred daily from birth to death. They had many holy days during which celebrations, both solemn and joyful, took place. Some festivities included singing and dancing, along with children parading in garland of flowers. Ritual activities included feasting, fasting, bloodletting, and human sacrifice-all part of Aztec beliefs that conjoined life and death in a continuous cycle. It is difficult for modern observers to understand how the elaborate ritual complex reconciled the patterns of daily life with the violence of bloodshed implicated in Aztec beliefs. Society While Aztecs were nomadic people and relatively few in number, their social structure was simple; the majority were peasants or warriors, and the handful of priests and war leaders enjoyed comparatively few perquisites. The ruling class, the top level of the social stratification, was itself divided into several categories according to function, importance and standing. Noblewomen enjoyed varying degrees of status and respect, related to their importance in forging political alliances and strengthening royal legitimacy. Although they were increasingly denied leadership roles as the empire expanded, Aztec women of all classes should be viewed through the lens of a complementary gender system in which male and female roles were appreciated as different but essential to the functioning of society, and wherein women had property and other legal rights. In addition to royal families, others of noble status (pipiltin) could include high priests, prominent military officers, and influential government leaders such as judges and tax collectors. Sons of nobles enjoyed an advantageous position to achieve their fathers rank, but nobility (outside of the royal family) was not an inherited right. Considered variation in wealth and prestige among the nobility could be observed in the range of luxuries they enjoyed, for example, in clothing, jewelry, housing, foodstuffs, and servants. Able-bodied males were expected to bear arms. As Inga Clendinnen made clear: To be born a male in Tenochtitlan was to be designated a warrior. Distinction in battle was one way in which a commoner might rise to high status. In order to achieve the cherished rank of warrior, a youth had to take a prisoner. If he succeeded in capturing or killing four of the enemy, he was entitled to share in the booty. Perhaps more importantly, he was allowed to dress in the distinctive adornments of the military elite. Conceivably, he could become a member of the prestigious military orders-the Eagle Knights or Jaguar Knights-and thus enjoy the luxuries of noble status. Along with ruling nobility, priests, scholars, artists, and scribes enjoyed high status as part of an educated elite that nurtured literacy traditions with altepetl. Priests were expected to lead exemplary lives, and they spent long hours in prayer, fasting, and penance. [Deeds:58:18] Each priest had a specialty, such as music, painting, teaching, dancing, or assisting at sacrificial rites. Some priests were also warriors. Priests were the guardians of mortality, and some of their admonitions are not unlike scriptural injunctions, such as a man who looks too curiously on a woman commits adultery with his eyes. The great majority of the people (about 90 percent) formed the class of commoners (macehualtin). These farmers, laborers, minor craftsmen, servants, vendors, and petty functionaries of an altepetl were organized into ward districts or rural villages called calpollis (barrios to the Spaniards). Each calpolli had lands apportioned to family heads who could use fields but did not own them. The people elected a veteran warrior who served as military commander of the district and was responsible for their welfare and good order. At the bottom of the socioeconomic scale were the slaves. Aztec slavery differed from the slave system most familiar to us, inasmuch as slaves had certain rights and bondage was not passed from parent to child. Some, in fact, served as slaves only for a specified term, either in payment of debt or as punishment for a crime. In bad times people sometimes sold themselves or their children to avoid starvation. Little stigma was attached to some conditions of slavery. Aztec societys concern with education was singular for its time. After a period or regimented homeschooling, instruction was compulsory for children in order to make them productive and worthy members of society. Two main types of schools existed. Children of nobility usually attended the calmecac, run by the scholarly priests, in preparation for the priesthood or some high office in the state. Young boys studied religion, astronomy, philosophy, history, poetry, rhetoric, oratory, singing, and dancing, among other disciplines. Most children attended one of the commoners telpochcalli. Fifteen-year-old boys learned the rudiments of warfare. Girls were instructed in the responsibilities of the household and motherhood. Although Aztec society increasingly rewarded military skill, women maintained valued complementary roles, not only domestic but also in agriculture, trade, and religion. The highest political and religious offices were restricted to men, but most deities had androgynous characteristics, in recognition of the vital female contribution to fertility and the sustenance of the universe. Women played key roles in the performance of routines that upheld society as well as in transmission of values, teaching moderation and frugality. They exercised religious power as healers and midwives. Women could own property, and males and females inherited equally from their fathers and mothers. In the home, parents imposed strict discipline. The birth of a child occasioned celebration and florid speeches. Babies received gifts according to gender: for females, there were weaving tools, cooking utensils, and brooms, while males were given bows and arrows and farming implements. When children were young some indiscretions were tolerated, but by the age of eight they were considered to be responsible and infractions brought harsh punishment. Although parents were ordinarily tender and loving, wayward children were castigated by whippings, scratching with thorns, or being forced to inhale the smoke of a fire into which chile peppers had been placed. Girls worked in the household until they were sixteen to eighteen, when they married; boys took mates in their early twenties. Marriage was sacred and monogamy was the rule, at least for commoners. A morally rigorous aspect of Aztec society derives from how they conceptualized the sacred. Because alcohol and drugs provided paths for opening an individual up to the supernatural, ritual control of intoxicants such as pulque was deemed necessary to avoid dangerous displays of sacred power. Drunkenness could be a capital offense, although older people were allowed to become inebriated. Sexual activity and physical prowess also provided other vehicles of the sacred and, like alcohol and drugs, entailed strictly prescribed behaviors. Aztec society demanded moral conformity, and violators of the code, as well as criminal offenders, were dealt with firmly. For minor offenses punishment was correspondingly light, as in the case of petty theft, which called for restitution of the property. Several offences, including murder, perjury, rape, abortion, incest, fraudulent business practices, grand larceny, and treason, could bring the death penalty. The Aztec legal system was complex, with multiple levels and arenas of jurisdiction that served different constituencies. Judges in the great marketplaces prepare the multitude maintained fairness in business transactions and settled disputes. Selected for their integrity and virtue, judges had great authority and could arrest even the highest dignitaries, for before the law all were equal. Expected to be absolutely impartial, if a judge accepted a bribe or favoured a noble over a plebian, he could be executed. Aztec medical practices were generally equal to or as good as those in Europe and in some aspects, they were superior. Aztec medical doctors knew how to set broken bones and dislocations as well as treating dental cavities. They even knew how to performed brain operations. Like their European counterparts, Aztec healers attributed diseases to both supernatural and natural causes. Also like Europeans, they practiced bleeding as a treatment, but their most common, and often effective, cures were plants, and pastes. Because Aztec society was largely agricultural in character, the daily routine of most people directly involved the growing of food. The diet remained much as it had been for centuries, with a base of corn, beans, chile, and squash. It also included, a wide variety, of other vegetables and melons, cactus fruit, and amaranth, in addition to many fruits imported from tropical regions. Commoners ate some meat, but the nobles, who liked to hunt for sport, consumed more and of a great variety, for example, venison, peccary, pheasant, and turkey. A special treat was the small hairless dog fattened for the table. Cacao from the tropics was made into a chocolate drink, and traders brought avocados and many other exotic delicacies. Fish was a favorite when available.